The Media s Influence On Women s Body - 1102 Words

One of the largest ethical problems of the 21st century is the way women’s bodies are portrayed in the media. This also brings about an even greater problem; the manipulation of photographs. The media have perpetuated what is the ideal weight for a woman thus creating pressures for women to be that ideal. Are the media acting ethically by inaccurately portraying women? Should pictures that are altered carry warning labels? One of the biggest media industries to blame for the thin ideal representation of women is the advertising industry. Unlike journalism, advertising has the ability to solely portray images that don’t have to be factual. According to author Patrick Lee Plaisance (2009), some of the advertising code of ethics are: â€Å"1. A†¦show more content†¦86). according to researcher Shelly Grabe at the University of Wisconsin, body dissatisfaction is very common affecting 50% of girls and young women (Grabe, Ward, and Shibley 479) is another example of advertising/the media not being responsible to community concerns or society. One last example of how unreal women’s image is explained by research from Cheryl Haas indicating that thin ideal portrayals lead to depression and lower self-esteem among women (Haas, 2012, p. 405). Again, this is a clear indicator that the media has a strong responsibility to society and should act accordingly. Another instance of these unrealistic images being unethical is when one applies the deontological theory. Deontology theory states that â€Å"no matter how much they [the images] might result in some â€Å"benefit,† some choices are simply morally wrong because they fail to reflect our duty to behave in a certain way† (Plaisance, 2009, p 28). If the media’s main goal is to do the right thing morally, the images wouldn’t be altered and the women portrayed would be realistic of the average American woman. The media is taking the Relativism approach to justify the altering of images. According to Plaisance, those who use relativism as their ethical compass â€Å"—you reject the possibility that there are

Breed Specific Legislation Does Not Curb Pit Bull Attacks Free Essays

Breed Specific Legislation (BSL) has been bandied about in several legislative arms of the United States government including the local and state levels for decades. In particular, pit bulls as a breed have recently come under fierce attack due to a plethora of news stories which highlight attacks on humans and the use of the breed for fighting purposes. Municipal ordinances seek to either ban ownership of specific breeds such as pit bulls, curb ownership of these animals or impose unreasonably strict responsibilities on those who choose to care for pit bulls such as keeping the animal confined and requiring hefty insurance supplements. We will write a custom essay sample on Breed Specific Legislation Does Not Curb Pit Bull Attacks or any similar topic only for you Order Now Such legislation, unfortunately, does nothing to address the real problem which begins with the owner himself, not the dog, whose breed has been proven not to be unpredictably aggressive. Instead of laying the blame with owners who are irresponsible or those who use them for fighting, BSL legislation targets pit bulls for simply being what they are, and the rights of citizens to own their choice of dog breed. Definition of the Pit Bull Breed and BSL The term â€Å"pit bull† refers to â€Å"a type of short-coated large terrier, anywhere from 40-80 pounds, characterized by a wide skull, powerful jaws, and a muscular, stocky body† according to the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) but it is not technically a breed recognized by the American Kennel Club. For the purposes of this paper, we will use this term to denote any variety of what is commonly known as a pit bull. The pit bull was brought to the United States from England for use as an â€Å"animal baiting† dog whereby it would be trained to attack a large animal such as a bear and hang on with its teeth until the animal was brought down. When this was judged to be illegal in the 1800’s, many pit bull owners began to train the animals to fight each other instead. Thus, the fighting instinct was nurtured and eventually bred into the dog. According to the ASPCA (aspca. org), citizens need to be aware that â€Å"even though a breed may be characterized by a certain pattern of behaviors, individuals within a breed can vary tremendously†. According to Diane Blackman (â€Å"Breed Specific Legislation†, 1995), BSL is defined as â€Å"ordinances [which] may regulate or prohibit certain breeds regardless of the temperament or behavior of the individual animal†. The problem with this definition is that it refers to a specific breed, which must be narrowly defined to make such an ordinance enforceable. There are many varieties of pit bull dogs available, many of whom have been mixed with other breeds. Are all pit bulls, then, at the center of this controversy or is there a particular recognized breed that legislatures are aiming to control? Such definitions must be clearly defined before enforcement becomes even remotely practical. Ineffectiveness of the Legislation BSL legislature has been proven to be ineffective and unconstitutional in municipalities where it has been enacted in the past. In the 1980’s BSL first started to appear in cities such as Hollywood, Florida, Cincinnati, Ohio and a small town in New Mexico. These were followed by legislation at the state level in Michigan, Ohio and Florida. All of these ordinances specifically targeted pit bulls as being inherently dangerous to society. What has happened in each of these communities and states is that either owners continue to keep pit bulls in their care but do so illegally or they switch to a different breed of dog and train it to be aggressive because that was the original purpose in obtaining the pit bull in the first place (Weiss, 2001). Weiss quotes Brittany Wallman of the South Florida Sun-Central as stating â€Å"Officials in Prince George, Maryland are considering a repeal of the community’s BSL, arguing that the legislation has simply encouraged owners of vicious dogs to either ‘go underground’ or ‘get fighting dogs not covered by the ban’. † Many municipalities which have imposed BSL were later declared to be unconstitutional in restricting a specific breed of pet. According to Weiss, quoting the ruling in Hearn vs. City of Overland Park: â€Å"The Kansas Supreme Court affirmed the district court’s findings that (1) the ordinance was not unconstitutionally vague or overbroad; (2) the ordinance did not violate the state or federal due process rights of the plaintiffs; and (3) the ordinance did not violate the plaintiffs’ equal protection rights under the United States and Kansas Constitutions. † In Dade County, Florida, a group of dog owners protested the BSL ordinance based on grounds that it was discriminatory and did not sufficiently define the breed. The District Court found the definition of a pit bull satisfactory but did uphold that enforcement of the ordinance could be â€Å"applied in a discriminatory fashion† (Weiss, 2001), thus unfairly targeting certain pets. Currently, there are many laws on the books pertaining to pet ownership, such as leash laws, but most are rarely enforced. Imposing a law based on breed, which, as previously discussed, is certainly difficult for an enforcement officer to pinpoint, will do nothing to stop problems such as dog bites from occurring. The Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court ruled that an ordinance banning pit bulls â€Å"depends for enforcement on the subjective understanding of dog officers of the appearance of an ill-defined ‘breed’† (Weiss, 2001). When encountering dogs of mixed breeds, it is nearly impossible to make a solid determination; according to Blackman (â€Å"Breed Specific Legislation, 1995) â€Å"a part boxer dog can easily be mistaken for a part pit bull†. Clearly, one of the biggest problems with enforcing BSL is creating a definition of a pit bull that is easily recognizable by enforcement officers, non-discriminatory and does not unfairly target animals of mixed breeds. Creating legislature based on a dog’s breed also adds a burden to municipalities of prohibitive cost and providing extra manpower to enforce the ordinance. A ban on pit bulls in Cincinnati, Ohio was eventually overturned due to the excessive cost of enforcement. The statute had been on the books for nine years with no success until the city began to take enforcement more seriously. When Ohio Valley Dog Owners protested, the courts found that with â€Å"dozens of dogs in custody and court cases to decide† it was unreasonable and placed a great burden on enforcement agencies as well as the courts to keep BSL on the books (Weiss, 2001). Instead, the court system ordered that all pit bulls in Ohio be registered with the local police department, â€Å"marked with tattoos and microchips, photographed, confined, and insured† (Weiss, 2001). Alternative Solutions A better way to address the problem of aggressive dogs and their violent behavior is to target the owners, not the animals, through educational initiatives and enforcement of existing laws directly related to the owners of pets who have been proven to have dangerous tendencies. Legislature that addresses this focus is just beginning to be recognized as a viable alternative to BSL. The state of California recently proposed a bill that â€Å"gives prosecutors power to press felony charges against ‘any person owning or having custody or control’ of a dangerous dog, even if the person is not the dog’s owner† (Weiss, 2001). In Indiana, prosecutors are allowed to find owners of pets responsible if these animals exhibit violence toward any employees of local government or utility companies in the commission of their job. Owners need to be aware, through educational programs, that the training of their pet is the biggest key to affecting its behavior. Classes that promote safe handling without the use of violence can be effective and would be a natural extension of local animal control agencies and Humane Societies. Programs aimed at children and raising their levels of safety awareness are also beneficial. Laws that are already in place regarding dangerous animals and hold owners accountable their dogs’ actions regardless of breed need to be vigorously enforced. Rather than targeting a specific breed, animal enforcement agencies need to collectively focus on violent or aggressive behavior in any dog, not just pit bulls. Upholding leash laws will certainly help as keeping any animal under the owner’s control in all situations is vital in the prevention of attacks. Conclusion Pit bulls are often associated with the breed’s history as being violent and aggressive due to their training. It is not, however, advisable to relate all dogs of one breed as distinguished by these traits. According to Cox (2002), â€Å"any dog can be dangerous†. Humans are an integral part of the equation of pit bulls equal violence. Only when pet owners are properly educated and current laws regarding responsible ownership enforced will there be a reduction in the amount of attacks instigated by dangerous dogs, no matter their breed. Legislation at the state and city levels needs to focus on owners as the responsible parties and let go of the idea that pit bulls as a whole are a menace to society. Works Cited American Society for the Prevention Cruelty to Animals. â€Å"Pit Bull Information†. Retrieved November 13, 2007 from the ASPCA Website: http://www. aspca. org/site/PageServer? pagename=pets_pitbull. Blackman, Diane. â€Å"Practicality Of Breed Specific Legislation In Reducing Or Eliminating Dog Attacks On Humans And Dogs†. Breed Specific Legislation, 1995. Retrieved November 13, 2007 from the Dog-play Website: http://dogplay. com/Articles/MyArticles/pitbull. html. Cox, Rachel. â€Å"Breed Specific Legislation†. InterNetWorkers: April, 2002. Retrieved November 13, 2007 from the Ibiblio Website: http://lists. ibiblio. org/pipermail/internetworkers/2002-April/005220. html. New Leash on Life. â€Å"Breed Specific Legislation†. Retrieved November 13, 2007 from the NLOL Website: http://www. nlol. org/chicago/bsl. asp. Real Pit Bull, The. â€Å"Breed Specific Legislation†. Retrieved November 13, 2007 from the Real Pit Bull Website: http://www. realpitbull. com/laws. html. Weiss, Linda S. â€Å"Breed-Specific Legislation in the United States†. Animal Legal and Historical Web Center. Detroit College of Law: 2001. Retrieved November 13, 2007 from the Animal Law Website: http://www. animallaw. info/articles/aruslweiss2001. htm. How to cite Breed Specific Legislation Does Not Curb Pit Bull Attacks, Papers

Development of Arguments

Question: Critically evaluate the development of arguments supported by relevant credible sources and appropriate ref. style. Answer: Background and ethical questions: The multinationals has been going a far way to protect their tax revenue and thus avoiding the tax payments and this has become a major concerned relating to ethical issues. These corporate are either paying fewer tax or virtually no tax at all. The way these business have been interpreting the laws of tax and paying the taxes in falling under the purview of the regulations of tax system , but they are able to generate the opportunities which does not allow them to pay the appropriate amount of tax. One of the unethical practice by the multinationals has been the avoidance of tax and it is treated to be immoral and it undermines the tax system integrity. The transactions of the companies are structured artificially so that the relationship between legal form and economic substance of the transaction is minimized. One of the reason that the income is not taxed is because of the exploitation of the difference in tax laws of different countries. Avoiding the payment of corporate tax is one of the aspect of Corporate social responsibility and is considered as one of the social obligation towards the society and avoiding the tax payments has to be regarded as being socially irresponsible. Since avoiding tax is a legal activity and the company is abiding by the tax laws, it becomes ambiguous as to what does the tax payment stands for and the rules prescribed under laws. The tax planning is merely done by the company so as to avoid the taxes payment and in the cases depicted here, they are virtually not paying any tax which leads to tax evasion and becomes illegal. The practice of tax avoidance by the corporate is not compatible with the code of conduct as they are actively engaged in avoiding the payment of corporate tax . the corporate intends to pay the taxes not by thinking or following the spirit of the law rather they follow letter of law and this enable them in creating the opportunities for virtually paying no tax. So the corporate is posed with the question that is ethical in nature that whether they are being socially responsible when carrying out their liability while paying tax. Analysis of stakeholders : Stakeholders are a valuable resource and their contribution would help in making the companies profitable and competitive. The frameworks of governance should be in align with the interest of stakeholders. The impact of commitments are addressed as per the OECD guidelines for multinationals. The stakeholders needs to have access to the necessary information and their participation is required so that they are fulfilling their responsibilities. Any unethical practice by the entity would violate the rights of stakeholders. The disclosure on the material matters regarding the performance, ownership and governance of the companies should be accurate and made on time. The framework of corporate governance should be effective and the insolvency framework should be efficient and the creditors rights should be effectively enforced. Corporate governance discussions based on ASX 2010 principle : The corporate giant such as Google, apple and Microsoft operates globally. These entities are listed on ASX and the corporate governance practices are recommended by ASX itself. However these recommendations made by ASX is not mandatory as depending on wide range of factors, the entities can adopt different governance practices. These listed entities incorporates outside Australia and are subject to Corporation Act and they are entitled to comply with the governance practices that are conformed by the entities that incorporates in Australia under the corporation Act. The recommendation are modified considering the fact the entities which are listed but does not incorporate in Australia and they are as follows : As per recommendation 4.2 , a declaration from the CEO of the entity that the financial recordings have been maintained properly and is in compliance with the appropriate accounting standard so that they depict a fair and true view of the performance and financial position of the entity should be received before the boards approves the According to recommendation 4.3, the listed entity needs to ensure the availability of auditor in annual general meeting so that all the questions relevant to the audit from the security holders is answered . There is a principle [ X ] which is applicable to the listed entities which is managed externally and it comes with a separate section which explains in a more explanatory manner which recommendations should be applied to such entities and which does not. The council wishes to strike a balance between interest and needs of stakeholders. The move by the council to provide the entities with the flexibility to disclose their corporate governance on their respective websites rather than in their annual report. The council seeks to know whether the stakeholder support this flexibility idea. Respective responsibilities of boards and management should be disclosed and the way of monitoring and evaluating such performance also needs to be disclosed. The entity should make appropriate check before filling any vacancy or appointing any person as an additional director. The listed entity needs to have a reporting line directly with the chair of the board. The board of the listed entity should be of appropriate size, composition , skills so that they are able to discharge their duties effectively. The entity should be actively engaged in promoting responsible and ethical decision making which would help in creating long term value for the stakeholders. There should be appropriate disclosure of code of conduct . Also , the organization of economic cooperation and development set some rules for the corporate operating in several countries so that they were not required to pay tax more than once but the entity structures the tax planning in a way that it leads to tax evasion. CSR and corporate social performance : The corporate giant such as Apple, has been investigated by the Australian government on their way of avoiding the taxes. The entity shifts and change the profits to minimize the corporate taxes paid by them. The amount of tax paid by the company is just 0.7 % of the turnover which is much lower when we take their sales figure into consideration. The company shifts the profits of shore so as to minimize the tax paid. Such entities escape tax by exploiting tax laws. The government facilitates the company to help them avoid foreign tax and by doing this it would make the entity competitive in the world market. So the tax liability is shifted to such countries which is low taxed. Though , the business they are doing is under the arrangement of corporate governance and the international tax laws but they have a policy of transfer pricing and they arrange themselves in such a way that the royalties of these multinationals are routed through such countries which does not tax them, in this way they are not only avoiding the tax payment but evading tax which is illegal. The entity which is more socially responsible they have a low likelihood of avoiding the tax. The impact of tax avoidance has become a social agenda worldwide. Corporate social responsibility should not be a cost on way of maximizing the shareholders wealth and it is regarded as the legitimate business activity. The corporate performance in terms of being socially responsible is related with the tax avoidance and it is not perceived by the stakeholders as a good sign on the path to development. A company carrying out its CSR activities in a irresponsible way are found to be engaged in the activities of sheltering the tax and they become quite aggressive in avoiding it. Avoiding tax by following some strategic tax behavior would leave the government with inadequate resources to carry out its various function. Ethical Analysis : Tech giant Apple has been challenged ethically when it comes to the payment of tax. Avoiding tax is an ethical issue which is concerning the government . tax avoidance is treated as one of the form of avoiding social obligations. The vulnerability of the company towards the accusations of selfishness and greediness increases and thus it destroys the trusts of public and damage the reputations. The companies which are socially responsible has been paying a fair amount. Avoiding the tax payment is considered as immoral and unethical practice and the integrity of tax system is undermined. The guiding ethical transparency, consistency and accountability principles should be underpinned by tax policies. The arrangements of tax planning by the corporate such as Apple, involves intentional approaches to exploit the tax laws and goes beyond the policy content of laws are not considered as ethical. So the business needs to be transparent when it comes to planning their tax structure. Which wo uld make the business certain and it would also help in gaining the trust of public. Avoiding the tax legally by Apple is considered as unethical with the current system and has put a question on their ethics of actions. Apple has three subsidiaries based in Ireland which does not have any tax jurisdiction at all. Apple has reported a sales income of $ 84 billion in every four year but it had hardly paid any taxes or if paid then at the lowest rate of 0.05 %. Such strategies of tax minimization has made these tech giants to spared themselves of paying corporate tax on profits. The income earned outside the home country was shield . the fair amount of tax which the corporate woes to the government amounts to defrauding the government and breaking the law. Literature support and argument : A technology company Apple has been investigated by the Australian government and conclusion is made whether the tax system by such corporate is compatible with its ethical, social, moral and is socially responsible. The tactics followed by such multinationals in avoiding the payment of corporate tax is drawing attention of the government and they are charged with having an unethical methods of avoiding the payment of fair share of taxes. Some of the literature support that is criticism of Apple toward their tax behavior which have been put forwarded are : The revenue of ten billion dollars which Apple has earned offshore has evaded tax or has not paid any amount of tax by using complex web of the countries outside its Apple has set up subsidiaries in Ireland where there was no office or any bank accounts or financial matters , the only intention of setting up these subsidiaries was to protect themselves from paying fair value of The company pays tax amount to only 0.7% of its turnover. The different country has a different way assessing tax and whether the entity should pay tax or not, so Apple has avoided paying tax in that country on the revenue it has earned by operating internationally. This has depicted the company as being immoral and socially irresponsible and this is because the government has not be able to draw the tax revenue which could be used for the benefits of public. The corporate also follow transfer pricing policy where exist loopholes as they artificially structure so as to avoid paying The royalties of Apple go through the countries such as Bermuda and Ireland where they are not taxed at all and it is n done deliberately to avoid corporate According to organization for economic cooperation and development , the strategies adopted by the tech giants to avoid taxes has threaten the stability of system of international tax and has eroded the tax base of countries. By doing this, they prove them of not being socially responsible and do not intend to solve the fiscal problems of their nation. It is very clear that it is unethical on the parts of the corporate to avoid paying fair amount of corporate tax. The argument put forward in support of avoiding taxes by the these tech giants : the government is liable for charging high tax on profits which act as an encouraging factor for the multinationals such as Apple to make the investment In order to be competitive in the world market, the tech giant Apple has convinced the government of its home country to avoid paying foreign tax which is sought as legal under the current tax The subsidiaries of Apple operating in countries such as Bermuda and Ireland plays an important role in international business activities and that the charge of setting up the business to avoid tax is not The tax systems of that countries are to be blamed. Another things which also needs to be thrown light upon is seeing these tech giants from different These corporate avoid paying tax or they minimize the amount of tax paid to the government so that they are able to maximize the profits that they owe to shareholders. If they do not strategies themselves or follow nay tactics then would be considered as irresponsible financially by the stock market and shareholders. their nation. It is very clear that it is unethical on the parts of the corporate to avoid paying fair amount of corporate tax. Apple would also consider unethical on the part their shareholders if they do not maximize the profit and ff they avoid the tax in a legal way , it is considered to be unethical on their part as they do not intend to perform their social obligations. Recommendations : The schemes adopted by the corporate is considered legal under the current system of international taxation and arrangements of corporate There also exist loopholes in the tax legislation system, of which the company is taking advantage .the government should rework on tax system to capture the fair amount of corporate tax which tech giants owes. So, the avoidance of tax is mainly due to the inefficiency on part of government. Shortfall in the tax revenue is a direct consequence of tax avoidance The tax codes for the local and international business needs to be restructured which calls for a level of cooperation among different And also as per OECD , the problem if tax avoidance exists because the actual place of carrying out business and where the profits are reported is different, so there is no transparency also. This is unfair on part of the corporate. So, the government should try to capture their fair share of tax and also the corporate needs to be honest in paying their share of tax where they carry out the investment activities. Any entity found guilty of refraining the corporate tax, they would be required to pay the tax amount double than what actually it has to pay along with the The contract with the foreign related party with the listed entity has to be entered in a formal way and there should be formal agreement of the same. 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