Unhappy Countries After Wwi History Essay

Unhappy Countries After Wwi History Essay The end of WWI left many nations unhappy. The Germans were humiliated and lost territory and had war payments. The winning countries such as Japan and Italy did not gain enough land, but the Treaty of Versailles caused the war. Germans owed lots of money but could not pay debt and made only 1 payment 1921. This was three years after the war had ended. France sent troops into Ruhr Valley (rich) in Germany. Their goal was to take wealth from Germany. As a result, many Germans were angry and went on strike. Since the country was in debt, the government decided to print more money. Inflation was a result of too much money being printed. People had to take wheelbarrows of money to buy items because money had lost its value. The U.S and other nations created the Dawes Plan in 1924 to help Germany recover. This plan reduced the payments that Germany was to repay. The American banks loaned Germany $200 million to eliminate their debt. There were some good times that followed but they were sh ort-lived. Charles Dawes was an American banker who wanted to help Germany out of debt.. A depression is defined as a period of low economic activity when many people lose their jobs. Many of the factories during this time closed during the 1930s. Thousands of people were homeless and begged or food. People also started to vote for communist parties as a way to escape the ways of living. The cause o the depression was the stock market crashing. American companies produced much of the worlds manufactured goods. People wanted to make money so they invested their money, and the market boomed. Living was good. As a result, investors bought stock on margin paid a small amount of stock price and borrowed the rest of the money. As long as stock prices kept rising, buying on a margin was safe. Investors would sell stock when price increased, repay their loan, and keep the difference as profit. There were some factories that had problems selling goods. Many workers were not paid high enough wages and overproduction forced factories to slow production. Factories cut back on number of workers, and people were pressured to repay loans. When they failed to repay, the stock market crashed, prices fell and wiped out fortunes, banks collapsed, and people lost savings. Investors withdrew money and caused European banks to collapse. The worst year of depression was 1932 when people were out of work, people had been put out of their homes, and lived in shacks built out of cardboard or tin. Jobs during this time were very scarce, and food was not plentiful. As a way to help people Franklin D. Roosevelt developed the New Deal to provide people with money to buy food and housing and to put people back to work. The Civilian Conservative Corps(CCC) gave jobs to young people to plant trees and build facilities in parks. Also, the Works Progress Administration(WPA) paid jobless workers to build dams, roads, bridges, and hospitals. Roosevelt later convinced Congress to pass the Social Security Act which gave pensions and payments to people who were 65 or retired. This is still enforced today. Americans who were out of work were eligible to receive unemployment insurance which would help them until they could find a job. The New Deal did not completely restore economy but there was hope. The end of _______ left many nations unhappy. The _____ were humiliated and lost territory and had ____ payments. The winning countries such as ____ and _____ did not gain enough land, but the __________ caused the war. Germans owed lots of money but could not pay debt and made only ___ payment _____. This was _____ years after the war had ended. France sent troops into ______ ______ (rich) in Germany. Their goal was to take ________ from Germany. As a result, many Germans were angry and went on _______. Since the country was in debt, the government decided to _____ more ______. _______ was a result of too much money being printed. People had to take wheelbarrows of money to buy items because ________ had lost its _______. The U.S and other nations created the ______ _______ in 1924 to help ________ recover. This plan reduced the ________ that Germany was to repay. The American banks loaned Germany _____ million to eliminate their ______. There were some good times that followed but they were short-lived. ___________ Dawes was an American banker who wanted to help Germany out of debt.. A _________ is defined as a period of low _________ activity when many people lose their jobs. Many of the ________ during this time closed during the 1930s. Thousands of people were _________ and begged for food. People also started to vote for __________ parties as a way to escape the _______ of living. The cause of the depression was the ________ market crashing. American companies produced much of the worlds __________ goods. People wanted to make _______ so they ________ their money, and the market boomed. Living was good. As a result, investors bought stock on ________ paid a small amount of ________ price and _________ the rest of the money. As long as stock prices kept rising, buying on a margin was _______. Investors would sell stock when price ________, repay their loan, and keep the difference as ________. There were some ________ that had _________ selling ________. Many workers were not ________ high enough _______ and __________ forced factories to slow ___________. Fac tories cut back on number of _________, and people were pressured to _________loans. When they ________to repay, the _______ market __________, prices fell and wiped out __________, __________ collapsed, and people lost _________. _________ withdrew money and caused European banks to __________. The worst year of depression was ________ when people were out of _______, people had been put out of their ________, and lived in ________ built out of __________ or tin. Jobs during this time were very scarce, and food was not __________. As a way to help people ___________. Roosevelt developed the ______ _______ to provide people with ________ to buy _______ and _________ and to put people back to work. The __________Conservative Corps(CCC) gave _______to young _______ to plant _______ and build facilities in _______. Also, the Works _________ Administration(WPA) paid ________workers to build ______, roads, _________, and hospitals. _________ later convinced Congress to pass the _____ Security Act which gave _______ and payments to people who were __ or retired. This is still enforced today. Americans who were _____ of work were eligible to receive _________ insurance which would help them ______ they could find a ____. The New ______ did not fully restore the_________ but there was _____.

Lincoln: An American Historical Drama Film by Steven Spielberg Essay

Lincoln is a 2012 American historical drama film directed and produced by Steven Spielberg, starring Daniel Day-Lewis as United States President Abraham Lincoln and Sally Field as Mary Todd Lincoln. The film is based in part on Doris Kearns Goodwin’s biography of Lincoln, Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln, and covers the final four months of Lincoln’s life, focusing on the President’s efforts in January 1865 to have the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution passed by the United States House of Representatives. Lincoln begins a year before the end of the civil war with the movie’s only battle scene. It’s a minute of the bloody, hand-to-hand combat at Jenkins’ Ferry, Arkansas. Then two black soldiers recall the battle while talking to Lincoln about the future of the Union. In January 1865, and United States President Abraham Lincoln had just started his second term in office as an extremely popular leader, especially among his supporters. However, the country is in disorder with the Civil War entering its fourth year and having taken the lives of many a soldier on both sides. Lincoln believes that passing of the Thirteenth Amendment of the Constitution; This would declare that â€Å"neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction†, would most importantly achieve something he strongly believed in, but also end the war since slavery was a large reason for it. The Amendment already passed in the Senate, and was scheduled for vote in the House of Representatives at the end of the month. While he is assured of yes votes from his fellow Republicans, he and his team had to work hard under the radar to assure enough yes votes from Democrats, which will require compromise in other areas. But other factors may also come into play on the vote, such as the Confederate forces in the war issuing their own compromise to end the war but keep slavery. Meanwhile, Lincoln also deals with hostile relationship with wife Mary Todd Lincoln and their latest situation in oldest son Robert leaving law school to enlist. From personal experience, President Lincoln is thought of as one of the most influential and best president throughout history. Abolishing slavery really put the nation on its path to unity and the superpower it is today. Even though throughout history after that historical event there has been several steps taken to further his actions to make black and whites and equal part f society, abolishing slavery was the largest and most influential step. After watching this film, it became evident that President Lincoln was an extremely well respected man and made the hard decisions that he knew wouldn’t be popular at the time because of how the country was structured. The film illustrated that Lincoln was wise beyond his years and knew that his decisions would impact the nation in a positive manner for the rest of time. Pre sident Lincoln’s leadership skills were evident and were the major theme in the film. From the beginning of the movie, from his wife to his cabinet members, everyone was trying to convince him that getting rid of slavery wasn’t going to happen and he will lose the approval of his country by pushing the issue. Slavery in the United States was a way of life up to that point. Blacks were not considered equal and were looked at more as property than people. From the first President until Lincoln’s time everyone including the past presidents had slaves. Slaves were a major part of the economy because of the labor power that was being utilized. Slaves were used as servants, worked in the fields for countless hours and used for everyday jobs that today are vital occupations. With the 13th Amendment, slaves would be freed of their unpaid work and would now have to be compensated for their time and would cause many people to lose money. Of course such an immense decision to change the entire culture of the country would be hated by a majority of the people. President Lincoln felt strongly about the issue and was looking at the big picture of the country, not the present, which is why he is considered one of the best presidents of all time. Being a leader means not always making the popular decision. It’s making the hard decisions that are not always the popular one, but the one that will directly or indirectly benefit, in President Lincoln’s case, the country as a whole. Even in today’s society there is still racism and controversy between ethnicities. Until the 1950s, not too long ago, there was still segregation and blacks were not looked at as equals. After watching this movie, these themes really stood out and hit home about how far the country has come since President Lincoln made one of the most historical decisions of all time. His leadership skills are evident throughout the course of the movie by being able to sway the decisions of both parties into standing by his decision and believing in him that the 13th Amendment was the right thing. I would absolutely recommend this movie to everyone, young or old, because of the history that’s behind it. The scene of the movie that really stood out was in the end of the film when the votes were being cast and the leader of the house asked to cast his vote. He was called out by a Democrat that was against the amendment because it was an irregular occurrence for him to cast a vote but responded with, â€Å"This is a historical event. † President Lincoln changed history and this country forever. Even though it took over a century to get to where we are as a country today and many major events occurring in between, President Lincoln was arguably in my opinion the indirect forefather of the civil rights movement and one of the most influential men in history.

Why Everyone Is Mistaken About Persuasive Essay Prompts and Samples and Why You Really Need to Read This Article

Why Everyone Is Mistaken About Persuasive Essay Prompts and Samples and Why You Really Need to Read This Article It is possible to easily depend on us to find essay help as we have a tendency to assist and guide the students with the aid of our professional experts. Students ought to be in a position to describe their environment properly, which is precisely why researching topics for a descriptive essay will bring them on the perfect track to rate their learning practice. Seeking to prepare and get ready for the workplace. Read and carefully think about these perspectives. The Good, the Bad and Persuasive Essay Prompts and Samples Enlist the assistance of others to make certain that your essay is immaculate. It's important to understand that essay topics are just basic ideas that leave you pondering a notion that might be a huge deal to somebody else. Sarcasm is employed in various scenarios, for instance, some can use it in order to demonstrate their anger or dissatisfacti on about something. Characteristics of Persuasive Essay Prompts and Samples While there's no one correct approach to compose these essays, this page will show you some fantastic practices to think about when learning how to compose a persuasive essay. Ideally, you need to make notes as you find out more about the subject. What you as a writer has to do is select the suggestions and information from every source that best allow you to accomplish your goal. Our writers always create unique content that's absolutely free from all grammatical error. The Do's and Don'ts of Persuasive Essay Prompts and Samples You may find there's a compelling argument for learning another language after all! No matter the topic you chose to approach, it is better that you share your work with the class or teacher, however scary it can be. A personality you'd like to resemble. In reality, you can describe a subject of any size and nature, but it's almost not possible to prepare an excellent descri ptive essay should you not really like it. Get the Scoop on Persuasive Essay Prompts and Samples Before You're Too Late Write an essay to convince your principal your idea is one which should be adopted. In fact, there are many descriptive essay topics out there that it's rather hard to choose only one. There are several intriguing topics that could be become a persuasive essay if you take the opportunity to think about doing it. Write an essay to back up your view about it. You should utilize APA reference tools to aid in writing your essay the right way or seek the services of an expert essay writer that may write the essay employing the APA reference tools. Like every assignment, a descriptive essay has a certain purpose. It is an essay that is bound to provide some sort of detailed information on a certain subject. Stay away from outdated sources and internet Encyclopedia like Wikipedia. Apparently, you don't wish to compose a lot of words without meaning, so ensure you write about only one subject at a moment. You are going to have maximum number of words, or so the secret isn't to attempt to cover everything in your essay. Like anything it requires a little time and practice to craft the ideal introduction, but it's well worth it! An act that's complete prompts. What You Should Do to Find Out About Persuasive Essay Prompts and Samples Before You're Left Behind Plus, it's also rather easy to deliver in the front of the class. If you've ever taken an on-line class, you understand how different it can be from a classic face-to-face course. Before students begin to write, it is a great idea for them to earn a list of the points they would like to make to their readers. Keep reading to get the perfect fit for your paper. Understanding Persuasive Essay Prompts and Samples An argumentative paper is part of the persuasion. Occasionally it can be simpler to think of a clever line and robust thesis after you've written the primary arguments of your paper. If you would like to find high excellent research and thesis papers in time and for an affordable price, you should probably attempt using EssaySupply.com. You learn to compose papers. In exactly the same purchase form, you will supply your name, email, and contact form. Even then you're unable to discover the informative and accurate details. Our website is just one of the most appropriate for essay help. The actual folks highly praise our essay help site. New Que stions About Persuasive Essay Prompts and Samples Therefore, you will know all that is necessary. There are times that you try to do your best and even then you're not able to score well in your home tasks. Thus, for your coursework, you are going to want to have the very best ideas.

The Beginning Of Enslavement Of Slavery Essay - 1284 Words

The Beginning of Enslavement After the Thirty Years War, Europe’s economy was depressed leaving many laborers without work. A life in the â€Å"New World,† gave European Immigrants a new sense of hope. Indentured Servants were people who sold their labor voluntarily in exchange for free passage to the â€Å"New World,† and given housing upon their arrival. They were willing to enter an agreement to work for a specified amount of time, nor were considered the property of the contract holder. Alike in certain aspects, however, divergent in many areas of Indentured Servants, in the early 1600’s Slavery began in America when the first African Slaves brought to the colony of Jamestown, Virginia. Virginia was one of the first states to acknowledge slavery in its laws, to aid the production of lucrative tobacco crops. In 1670. The law that defined which people could be enslaved declared, â€Å"all servants not being Christians imported into this colony by shipping shall be slaves for their lives.† (Norton, Mary Beth. (2015). Initially, slaves were treated as Indentured Servants and given much freedom until eventually slave laws were passed. When the slave laws were passed this had seized any freedoms that might have existed for African Americans. The colonies began to reflect contradictions between Indentured Servants and Slaves. â€Å"More important, the laws began to differentiate between races: the association of â€Å"servitude for natural life† with people of African descent became common.† (LawShow MoreRelatedSlavery And Its Effects On The Lives Of All People1438 Words   |  6 Pagesproperty. Slavery has made a disastrous impact on the lives of all people. Although slavery has left countless people dead, many have looked at it as a necessary aspect of society that was beneficial to all. Slavery plays a very prominent role in Toni Morrison’s Beloved, the effects of slavery are examined through various characters. The idea of slavery i s typically associated with this physical enslavement of a human being, but in Beloved, slavery transcends this typical association. Slavery has dehumanizedRead MoreWomen s Rights And Abolitionist Movement Essay985 Words   |  4 PagesThe Beginning of Women’s Rights Abolitionist Movement Women’s Rights Abolitionists Back in the nineteenth century men and women were not treated equally as they are now. Women did not have as much freedom as the men did and that caused a national movement. Not only were the women segregated from the men, but the discrimination against the African American race was a huge ordeal as well. With both movements combined, it led to a controversial development at that time. Not only were womenRead MoreOlaudah Equiano, A Reliable Source For Historians, Educators, And Students1140 Words   |  5 PagesThe Interesting Narrative conveys the first-hand experiences of an African who is stripped of the basic rights given to humans and is forced into slavery, while at the same this individual fights for freedom. This autobiography is a reliable source for historians, educators, and students. After analyzing the literature, I concluded that the autobiography’s main criteria included content, tone, perspective, and the structure of his writing. The authors ability to m anipulate this criterion, allowsRead MoreNative Americans And The New World1308 Words   |  6 PagesBeginning in the Sixteenth Century, Europeans sought to escape religious and class persecution by engaging on a journey to the New World. However, they were unaware that this â€Å"New World† was already inhabited by many groups of Native Americans, who had been established on the continent for thousands of years. At first, the two ethnic groups lived in relative peace. The colonists of Jamestown survived due to Powhatan’s tribe teaching them how to cultivate the land. However, things took a twisted turnRead MoreSojourner Truth And Harriet Tubman947 Words   |  4 PagesSojourner truth and Harriet Tubman made a huge impact during slavery times. Sojourner Truth and Harriet Tubman were two women who were born into slavery. They both suffered from bad treatment from their owner. Also, they both later in their lives ran away from their enslavement. Sojourner Truth and Har riet Tubman both took part in issues dealing with civil rights and were abolitionists. They both went different ways in helping other slaves with obtaining their freedom. Sojourner Truth was an abolitionistRead MoreAnalysis Of Toni Morrison s Beloved960 Words   |  4 Pages1987 novel about the detrimental effects slavery has on a woman, Sethe, and those surrounding her, even after the abolition of slavery. The novel details on how the past interferes with the characters’ presents, how broken slavery left them, and how much they struggle to find their identity after slavery. When discussing Paul D’s struggles with identity and manhood, Morrison uses consonance, rhetorical questions, and violent diction to show the reader how slavery stripped slaves of their manhood andRead MoreOlaudah Equianos the Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African, Written by Himself1119 Words   |  5 Pagestrials, tribulations and journey from slav ery at an early age to freedom. For Equiano, it seems that slavery is almost a metaphysical phenomenon. His entire life is essentially characterized by the different experiences relating slavery, from Africa to the Middle Passage to plantation life in the West Indies and United States. Equiano’s views on slavery are tough to articulate and truly complex. Throughout the novel he makes reference to different ‘degrees of slavery,’ at times condemning the practiceRead MoreA Review of American Negro Slavery by Ulrich B. Phillips Essay1311 Words   |  6 PagesA Review of American Negro Slavery by Ulrich B. Phillips Phillips book is an attempt to provide an overview of the practice and institutions of slavery in the Americas from its beginnings to the 19th century. Writing in 1918, Phillips hoped to provide an account of slavery based upon historical evidence and modern methods of research, rather than ideological motivations. He drew his evidence from the plantation records and letters of slave owners; contemporary travel accounts; court recordsRead More The Development of Racism Essay1259 Words   |  6 Pagesthe present are the social and economic inferiority it conferred upon blacks and the cultural racism it instilled in whites. Both continue to haunt our society. Therefore, treating slaverys enduring legacy is necessarily controversial. Unlike slavery, racism is not over yet. (Loewen 143) Racism can be defined as any set of beliefs, which classifies humanity into distinct collectives, defined in terms of natural and/or cultural attributes, and ranks these attributes in a hierarchy of superiorityRead MoreThe Importance Of Colonialization For The Three Main Colonial Powers During The New World969 Words   |  4 Pagesadaptations and creative innovations that facilitated trade, diplomacy, and kinship across large portions of North America (11).† Instead of challenging this view, Brett Rushforth in Bonds of Alliance: Indigenous and Atlantic Slaveries in New France argues that the enslavement of indigenous populations developed out of this adaptable relationship between the French colonists and their Indian allies residing in the Pays d’en Haut. The cultural, economic, and political pressures exerted by the French

The Media s Influence On Women s Body - 1102 Words

One of the largest ethical problems of the 21st century is the way women’s bodies are portrayed in the media. This also brings about an even greater problem; the manipulation of photographs. The media have perpetuated what is the ideal weight for a woman thus creating pressures for women to be that ideal. Are the media acting ethically by inaccurately portraying women? Should pictures that are altered carry warning labels? One of the biggest media industries to blame for the thin ideal representation of women is the advertising industry. Unlike journalism, advertising has the ability to solely portray images that don’t have to be factual. According to author Patrick Lee Plaisance (2009), some of the advertising code of ethics are: â€Å"1. A†¦show more content†¦86). according to researcher Shelly Grabe at the University of Wisconsin, body dissatisfaction is very common affecting 50% of girls and young women (Grabe, Ward, and Shibley 479) is another example of advertising/the media not being responsible to community concerns or society. One last example of how unreal women’s image is explained by research from Cheryl Haas indicating that thin ideal portrayals lead to depression and lower self-esteem among women (Haas, 2012, p. 405). Again, this is a clear indicator that the media has a strong responsibility to society and should act accordingly. Another instance of these unrealistic images being unethical is when one applies the deontological theory. Deontology theory states that â€Å"no matter how much they [the images] might result in some â€Å"benefit,† some choices are simply morally wrong because they fail to reflect our duty to behave in a certain way† (Plaisance, 2009, p 28). If the media’s main goal is to do the right thing morally, the images wouldn’t be altered and the women portrayed would be realistic of the average American woman. The media is taking the Relativism approach to justify the altering of images. According to Plaisance, those who use relativism as their ethical compass â€Å"—you reject the possibility that there are

Breed Specific Legislation Does Not Curb Pit Bull Attacks Free Essays

Breed Specific Legislation (BSL) has been bandied about in several legislative arms of the United States government including the local and state levels for decades. In particular, pit bulls as a breed have recently come under fierce attack due to a plethora of news stories which highlight attacks on humans and the use of the breed for fighting purposes. Municipal ordinances seek to either ban ownership of specific breeds such as pit bulls, curb ownership of these animals or impose unreasonably strict responsibilities on those who choose to care for pit bulls such as keeping the animal confined and requiring hefty insurance supplements. We will write a custom essay sample on Breed Specific Legislation Does Not Curb Pit Bull Attacks or any similar topic only for you Order Now Such legislation, unfortunately, does nothing to address the real problem which begins with the owner himself, not the dog, whose breed has been proven not to be unpredictably aggressive. Instead of laying the blame with owners who are irresponsible or those who use them for fighting, BSL legislation targets pit bulls for simply being what they are, and the rights of citizens to own their choice of dog breed. Definition of the Pit Bull Breed and BSL The term â€Å"pit bull† refers to â€Å"a type of short-coated large terrier, anywhere from 40-80 pounds, characterized by a wide skull, powerful jaws, and a muscular, stocky body† according to the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) but it is not technically a breed recognized by the American Kennel Club. For the purposes of this paper, we will use this term to denote any variety of what is commonly known as a pit bull. The pit bull was brought to the United States from England for use as an â€Å"animal baiting† dog whereby it would be trained to attack a large animal such as a bear and hang on with its teeth until the animal was brought down. When this was judged to be illegal in the 1800’s, many pit bull owners began to train the animals to fight each other instead. Thus, the fighting instinct was nurtured and eventually bred into the dog. According to the ASPCA (aspca. org), citizens need to be aware that â€Å"even though a breed may be characterized by a certain pattern of behaviors, individuals within a breed can vary tremendously†. According to Diane Blackman (â€Å"Breed Specific Legislation†, 1995), BSL is defined as â€Å"ordinances [which] may regulate or prohibit certain breeds regardless of the temperament or behavior of the individual animal†. The problem with this definition is that it refers to a specific breed, which must be narrowly defined to make such an ordinance enforceable. There are many varieties of pit bull dogs available, many of whom have been mixed with other breeds. Are all pit bulls, then, at the center of this controversy or is there a particular recognized breed that legislatures are aiming to control? Such definitions must be clearly defined before enforcement becomes even remotely practical. Ineffectiveness of the Legislation BSL legislature has been proven to be ineffective and unconstitutional in municipalities where it has been enacted in the past. In the 1980’s BSL first started to appear in cities such as Hollywood, Florida, Cincinnati, Ohio and a small town in New Mexico. These were followed by legislation at the state level in Michigan, Ohio and Florida. All of these ordinances specifically targeted pit bulls as being inherently dangerous to society. What has happened in each of these communities and states is that either owners continue to keep pit bulls in their care but do so illegally or they switch to a different breed of dog and train it to be aggressive because that was the original purpose in obtaining the pit bull in the first place (Weiss, 2001). Weiss quotes Brittany Wallman of the South Florida Sun-Central as stating â€Å"Officials in Prince George, Maryland are considering a repeal of the community’s BSL, arguing that the legislation has simply encouraged owners of vicious dogs to either ‘go underground’ or ‘get fighting dogs not covered by the ban’. † Many municipalities which have imposed BSL were later declared to be unconstitutional in restricting a specific breed of pet. According to Weiss, quoting the ruling in Hearn vs. City of Overland Park: â€Å"The Kansas Supreme Court affirmed the district court’s findings that (1) the ordinance was not unconstitutionally vague or overbroad; (2) the ordinance did not violate the state or federal due process rights of the plaintiffs; and (3) the ordinance did not violate the plaintiffs’ equal protection rights under the United States and Kansas Constitutions. † In Dade County, Florida, a group of dog owners protested the BSL ordinance based on grounds that it was discriminatory and did not sufficiently define the breed. The District Court found the definition of a pit bull satisfactory but did uphold that enforcement of the ordinance could be â€Å"applied in a discriminatory fashion† (Weiss, 2001), thus unfairly targeting certain pets. Currently, there are many laws on the books pertaining to pet ownership, such as leash laws, but most are rarely enforced. Imposing a law based on breed, which, as previously discussed, is certainly difficult for an enforcement officer to pinpoint, will do nothing to stop problems such as dog bites from occurring. The Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court ruled that an ordinance banning pit bulls â€Å"depends for enforcement on the subjective understanding of dog officers of the appearance of an ill-defined ‘breed’† (Weiss, 2001). When encountering dogs of mixed breeds, it is nearly impossible to make a solid determination; according to Blackman (â€Å"Breed Specific Legislation, 1995) â€Å"a part boxer dog can easily be mistaken for a part pit bull†. Clearly, one of the biggest problems with enforcing BSL is creating a definition of a pit bull that is easily recognizable by enforcement officers, non-discriminatory and does not unfairly target animals of mixed breeds. Creating legislature based on a dog’s breed also adds a burden to municipalities of prohibitive cost and providing extra manpower to enforce the ordinance. A ban on pit bulls in Cincinnati, Ohio was eventually overturned due to the excessive cost of enforcement. The statute had been on the books for nine years with no success until the city began to take enforcement more seriously. When Ohio Valley Dog Owners protested, the courts found that with â€Å"dozens of dogs in custody and court cases to decide† it was unreasonable and placed a great burden on enforcement agencies as well as the courts to keep BSL on the books (Weiss, 2001). Instead, the court system ordered that all pit bulls in Ohio be registered with the local police department, â€Å"marked with tattoos and microchips, photographed, confined, and insured† (Weiss, 2001). Alternative Solutions A better way to address the problem of aggressive dogs and their violent behavior is to target the owners, not the animals, through educational initiatives and enforcement of existing laws directly related to the owners of pets who have been proven to have dangerous tendencies. Legislature that addresses this focus is just beginning to be recognized as a viable alternative to BSL. The state of California recently proposed a bill that â€Å"gives prosecutors power to press felony charges against ‘any person owning or having custody or control’ of a dangerous dog, even if the person is not the dog’s owner† (Weiss, 2001). In Indiana, prosecutors are allowed to find owners of pets responsible if these animals exhibit violence toward any employees of local government or utility companies in the commission of their job. Owners need to be aware, through educational programs, that the training of their pet is the biggest key to affecting its behavior. Classes that promote safe handling without the use of violence can be effective and would be a natural extension of local animal control agencies and Humane Societies. Programs aimed at children and raising their levels of safety awareness are also beneficial. Laws that are already in place regarding dangerous animals and hold owners accountable their dogs’ actions regardless of breed need to be vigorously enforced. Rather than targeting a specific breed, animal enforcement agencies need to collectively focus on violent or aggressive behavior in any dog, not just pit bulls. Upholding leash laws will certainly help as keeping any animal under the owner’s control in all situations is vital in the prevention of attacks. Conclusion Pit bulls are often associated with the breed’s history as being violent and aggressive due to their training. It is not, however, advisable to relate all dogs of one breed as distinguished by these traits. According to Cox (2002), â€Å"any dog can be dangerous†. Humans are an integral part of the equation of pit bulls equal violence. Only when pet owners are properly educated and current laws regarding responsible ownership enforced will there be a reduction in the amount of attacks instigated by dangerous dogs, no matter their breed. Legislation at the state and city levels needs to focus on owners as the responsible parties and let go of the idea that pit bulls as a whole are a menace to society. Works Cited American Society for the Prevention Cruelty to Animals. â€Å"Pit Bull Information†. Retrieved November 13, 2007 from the ASPCA Website: http://www. aspca. org/site/PageServer? pagename=pets_pitbull. Blackman, Diane. â€Å"Practicality Of Breed Specific Legislation In Reducing Or Eliminating Dog Attacks On Humans And Dogs†. Breed Specific Legislation, 1995. Retrieved November 13, 2007 from the Dog-play Website: http://dogplay. com/Articles/MyArticles/pitbull. html. Cox, Rachel. â€Å"Breed Specific Legislation†. InterNetWorkers: April, 2002. Retrieved November 13, 2007 from the Ibiblio Website: http://lists. ibiblio. org/pipermail/internetworkers/2002-April/005220. html. New Leash on Life. â€Å"Breed Specific Legislation†. Retrieved November 13, 2007 from the NLOL Website: http://www. nlol. org/chicago/bsl. asp. Real Pit Bull, The. â€Å"Breed Specific Legislation†. Retrieved November 13, 2007 from the Real Pit Bull Website: http://www. realpitbull. com/laws. html. Weiss, Linda S. â€Å"Breed-Specific Legislation in the United States†. Animal Legal and Historical Web Center. Detroit College of Law: 2001. Retrieved November 13, 2007 from the Animal Law Website: http://www. animallaw. info/articles/aruslweiss2001. htm. How to cite Breed Specific Legislation Does Not Curb Pit Bull Attacks, Papers

Development of Arguments

Question: Critically evaluate the development of arguments supported by relevant credible sources and appropriate ref. style. Answer: Background and ethical questions: The multinationals has been going a far way to protect their tax revenue and thus avoiding the tax payments and this has become a major concerned relating to ethical issues. These corporate are either paying fewer tax or virtually no tax at all. The way these business have been interpreting the laws of tax and paying the taxes in falling under the purview of the regulations of tax system , but they are able to generate the opportunities which does not allow them to pay the appropriate amount of tax. One of the unethical practice by the multinationals has been the avoidance of tax and it is treated to be immoral and it undermines the tax system integrity. The transactions of the companies are structured artificially so that the relationship between legal form and economic substance of the transaction is minimized. One of the reason that the income is not taxed is because of the exploitation of the difference in tax laws of different countries. Avoiding the payment of corporate tax is one of the aspect of Corporate social responsibility and is considered as one of the social obligation towards the society and avoiding the tax payments has to be regarded as being socially irresponsible. Since avoiding tax is a legal activity and the company is abiding by the tax laws, it becomes ambiguous as to what does the tax payment stands for and the rules prescribed under laws. The tax planning is merely done by the company so as to avoid the taxes payment and in the cases depicted here, they are virtually not paying any tax which leads to tax evasion and becomes illegal. The practice of tax avoidance by the corporate is not compatible with the code of conduct as they are actively engaged in avoiding the payment of corporate tax . the corporate intends to pay the taxes not by thinking or following the spirit of the law rather they follow letter of law and this enable them in creating the opportunities for virtually paying no tax. So the corporate is posed with the question that is ethical in nature that whether they are being socially responsible when carrying out their liability while paying tax. Analysis of stakeholders : Stakeholders are a valuable resource and their contribution would help in making the companies profitable and competitive. The frameworks of governance should be in align with the interest of stakeholders. The impact of commitments are addressed as per the OECD guidelines for multinationals. The stakeholders needs to have access to the necessary information and their participation is required so that they are fulfilling their responsibilities. Any unethical practice by the entity would violate the rights of stakeholders. The disclosure on the material matters regarding the performance, ownership and governance of the companies should be accurate and made on time. The framework of corporate governance should be effective and the insolvency framework should be efficient and the creditors rights should be effectively enforced. Corporate governance discussions based on ASX 2010 principle : The corporate giant such as Google, apple and Microsoft operates globally. These entities are listed on ASX and the corporate governance practices are recommended by ASX itself. However these recommendations made by ASX is not mandatory as depending on wide range of factors, the entities can adopt different governance practices. These listed entities incorporates outside Australia and are subject to Corporation Act and they are entitled to comply with the governance practices that are conformed by the entities that incorporates in Australia under the corporation Act. The recommendation are modified considering the fact the entities which are listed but does not incorporate in Australia and they are as follows : As per recommendation 4.2 , a declaration from the CEO of the entity that the financial recordings have been maintained properly and is in compliance with the appropriate accounting standard so that they depict a fair and true view of the performance and financial position of the entity should be received before the boards approves the According to recommendation 4.3, the listed entity needs to ensure the availability of auditor in annual general meeting so that all the questions relevant to the audit from the security holders is answered . There is a principle [ X ] which is applicable to the listed entities which is managed externally and it comes with a separate section which explains in a more explanatory manner which recommendations should be applied to such entities and which does not. The council wishes to strike a balance between interest and needs of stakeholders. The move by the council to provide the entities with the flexibility to disclose their corporate governance on their respective websites rather than in their annual report. The council seeks to know whether the stakeholder support this flexibility idea. Respective responsibilities of boards and management should be disclosed and the way of monitoring and evaluating such performance also needs to be disclosed. The entity should make appropriate check before filling any vacancy or appointing any person as an additional director. The listed entity needs to have a reporting line directly with the chair of the board. The board of the listed entity should be of appropriate size, composition , skills so that they are able to discharge their duties effectively. The entity should be actively engaged in promoting responsible and ethical decision making which would help in creating long term value for the stakeholders. There should be appropriate disclosure of code of conduct . Also , the organization of economic cooperation and development set some rules for the corporate operating in several countries so that they were not required to pay tax more than once but the entity structures the tax planning in a way that it leads to tax evasion. CSR and corporate social performance : The corporate giant such as Apple, has been investigated by the Australian government on their way of avoiding the taxes. The entity shifts and change the profits to minimize the corporate taxes paid by them. The amount of tax paid by the company is just 0.7 % of the turnover which is much lower when we take their sales figure into consideration. The company shifts the profits of shore so as to minimize the tax paid. Such entities escape tax by exploiting tax laws. The government facilitates the company to help them avoid foreign tax and by doing this it would make the entity competitive in the world market. So the tax liability is shifted to such countries which is low taxed. Though , the business they are doing is under the arrangement of corporate governance and the international tax laws but they have a policy of transfer pricing and they arrange themselves in such a way that the royalties of these multinationals are routed through such countries which does not tax them, in this way they are not only avoiding the tax payment but evading tax which is illegal. The entity which is more socially responsible they have a low likelihood of avoiding the tax. The impact of tax avoidance has become a social agenda worldwide. Corporate social responsibility should not be a cost on way of maximizing the shareholders wealth and it is regarded as the legitimate business activity. The corporate performance in terms of being socially responsible is related with the tax avoidance and it is not perceived by the stakeholders as a good sign on the path to development. A company carrying out its CSR activities in a irresponsible way are found to be engaged in the activities of sheltering the tax and they become quite aggressive in avoiding it. Avoiding tax by following some strategic tax behavior would leave the government with inadequate resources to carry out its various function. Ethical Analysis : Tech giant Apple has been challenged ethically when it comes to the payment of tax. Avoiding tax is an ethical issue which is concerning the government . tax avoidance is treated as one of the form of avoiding social obligations. The vulnerability of the company towards the accusations of selfishness and greediness increases and thus it destroys the trusts of public and damage the reputations. The companies which are socially responsible has been paying a fair amount. Avoiding the tax payment is considered as immoral and unethical practice and the integrity of tax system is undermined. The guiding ethical transparency, consistency and accountability principles should be underpinned by tax policies. The arrangements of tax planning by the corporate such as Apple, involves intentional approaches to exploit the tax laws and goes beyond the policy content of laws are not considered as ethical. So the business needs to be transparent when it comes to planning their tax structure. Which wo uld make the business certain and it would also help in gaining the trust of public. Avoiding the tax legally by Apple is considered as unethical with the current system and has put a question on their ethics of actions. Apple has three subsidiaries based in Ireland which does not have any tax jurisdiction at all. Apple has reported a sales income of $ 84 billion in every four year but it had hardly paid any taxes or if paid then at the lowest rate of 0.05 %. Such strategies of tax minimization has made these tech giants to spared themselves of paying corporate tax on profits. The income earned outside the home country was shield . the fair amount of tax which the corporate woes to the government amounts to defrauding the government and breaking the law. Literature support and argument : A technology company Apple has been investigated by the Australian government and conclusion is made whether the tax system by such corporate is compatible with its ethical, social, moral and is socially responsible. The tactics followed by such multinationals in avoiding the payment of corporate tax is drawing attention of the government and they are charged with having an unethical methods of avoiding the payment of fair share of taxes. Some of the literature support that is criticism of Apple toward their tax behavior which have been put forwarded are : The revenue of ten billion dollars which Apple has earned offshore has evaded tax or has not paid any amount of tax by using complex web of the countries outside its Apple has set up subsidiaries in Ireland where there was no office or any bank accounts or financial matters , the only intention of setting up these subsidiaries was to protect themselves from paying fair value of The company pays tax amount to only 0.7% of its turnover. The different country has a different way assessing tax and whether the entity should pay tax or not, so Apple has avoided paying tax in that country on the revenue it has earned by operating internationally. This has depicted the company as being immoral and socially irresponsible and this is because the government has not be able to draw the tax revenue which could be used for the benefits of public. The corporate also follow transfer pricing policy where exist loopholes as they artificially structure so as to avoid paying The royalties of Apple go through the countries such as Bermuda and Ireland where they are not taxed at all and it is n done deliberately to avoid corporate According to organization for economic cooperation and development , the strategies adopted by the tech giants to avoid taxes has threaten the stability of system of international tax and has eroded the tax base of countries. By doing this, they prove them of not being socially responsible and do not intend to solve the fiscal problems of their nation. It is very clear that it is unethical on the parts of the corporate to avoid paying fair amount of corporate tax. The argument put forward in support of avoiding taxes by the these tech giants : the government is liable for charging high tax on profits which act as an encouraging factor for the multinationals such as Apple to make the investment In order to be competitive in the world market, the tech giant Apple has convinced the government of its home country to avoid paying foreign tax which is sought as legal under the current tax The subsidiaries of Apple operating in countries such as Bermuda and Ireland plays an important role in international business activities and that the charge of setting up the business to avoid tax is not The tax systems of that countries are to be blamed. Another things which also needs to be thrown light upon is seeing these tech giants from different These corporate avoid paying tax or they minimize the amount of tax paid to the government so that they are able to maximize the profits that they owe to shareholders. If they do not strategies themselves or follow nay tactics then would be considered as irresponsible financially by the stock market and shareholders. their nation. It is very clear that it is unethical on the parts of the corporate to avoid paying fair amount of corporate tax. Apple would also consider unethical on the part their shareholders if they do not maximize the profit and ff they avoid the tax in a legal way , it is considered to be unethical on their part as they do not intend to perform their social obligations. Recommendations : The schemes adopted by the corporate is considered legal under the current system of international taxation and arrangements of corporate There also exist loopholes in the tax legislation system, of which the company is taking advantage .the government should rework on tax system to capture the fair amount of corporate tax which tech giants owes. So, the avoidance of tax is mainly due to the inefficiency on part of government. Shortfall in the tax revenue is a direct consequence of tax avoidance The tax codes for the local and international business needs to be restructured which calls for a level of cooperation among different And also as per OECD , the problem if tax avoidance exists because the actual place of carrying out business and where the profits are reported is different, so there is no transparency also. This is unfair on part of the corporate. So, the government should try to capture their fair share of tax and also the corporate needs to be honest in paying their share of tax where they carry out the investment activities. Any entity found guilty of refraining the corporate tax, they would be required to pay the tax amount double than what actually it has to pay along with the The contract with the foreign related party with the listed entity has to be entered in a formal way and there should be formal agreement of the same. The schemes of profit shifting and avoiding tax would be charged with maximum The profit which is generated from the sales outside home country should be subjected to low global tax and would be booked Reference : "https://voxeu.org/article/tax-reform-and-corporate-behaviour-evidence", 2016,, "The Effect of Corporate Social Responsibility on Corporate Image and Corporate Performance", injournal of distribution science, vol. 12, 2014, 101-112. "The Ethical Executive: Avoiding the Traps of the Unethical Workplace2014 2 Robert Hoyk and Paul Hersey The Ethical Executive: Avoiding the Traps of the Unethical Workplace Palo Alto, CA, USA Stanford Business Books 2008 136pp 9780749453350 12.99 Hardback", inLeadership Organization Development Journal, vol. 35, 2014, 490-492. A Koester, "Investor Valuation of Tax Avoidance Through Uncertain Tax Positions", inSSRN Electronic Journal. A Wijeweera S Mounter, "AVAR Analysis of the Impacts of Company Tax Rates on Foreign Direct Investment and other Macro-economic Variables in Australia", inGlobal Economic Review, vol. 36, 2007, 137-145. G Boesso, F Favotto G Michelon, "Stakeholder Prioritization, Strategic Corporate Social Responsibility and Company Performance: Further Evidence", inCorp. Soc. Responsib. Environ. Mgmt., vol. 22, 2014, 424-440. G Brock H Russell, "Abusive Tax Avoidance and Institutional Corruption: The Responsibilities of Tax Professionals", inSSRN Electronic Journal. G Polsky, "The Contingent Attorney's Fee Tax Trap: Ethical, Fiduciary Duty, and Malpractice Implications", inSSRN Electronic Journal. G Taylor G Richardson, "International Corporate Tax Avoidance Practices: Evidence from Australian Firms", inThe International Journal of Accounting, vol. 47, 2012, 469-496. H Gribnau, "Good Tax Governance and Transparency: A Matter of Ethical Motivation", inSSRN Electronic Journal. https://www.asx.com.au/documents/asx-compliance/cgc-principles-and-recommendations-3rd-edn., , 2016, https://www.asx.com.au/documents/asx-compliance/cgc-principles-and-recommendations-3rd-edn. [accessed 7 June 2016]. J Creedy, G Kalb H Kew,The effects of flattening the effective marginal rate structure in Australia, in , [Parkville], University of Melbourne, Dept. of Economics, 2001. J Mahon S Wartick, "Corporate social performance profiling: using multiple stakeholder perceptions to assess a corporate reputation", inJournal of Public Affairs, vol. 12, 2011, 12-28. J Sharma, "Corporate Governance Failure: A Case Study of Satyam*", inIndian Journal of Corporate Governance, vol. 3, 2010, 136-175. K GYARTENG, "International Tax Avoidance Schemes: An Investigation of Multinational Technology Companies", inIJARAFMS, vol. 4, 2014. K Reddy, "The efficacy of the principle-based corporate governance practices: a case study of New Zealand", inInternational Journal of Corporate Governance, vol. 4, 2013, 138. L Mfecane, "Management as Affected by Company Law Application: The Principle of Corporate Governance.", inSSRN Electronic Journal. L Muswaka, "A Critical Analysis of the Protection of Stakeholders Interests under the South African Companies Act: (Part 2)", inMJSS, , 2014. L Qi, "The Effects of Major Stakeholders on SMME's Performance Turnaround -- Empirical Analysis Based on the Ordinal Logistic Regression Model", inSSRN Electronic Journal. N Cox, "Tax and Regulatory Avoidance Through Non-traditional Alternatives to Tax Havens", inSSRN Electronic Journal. Petrenko et al., "Corporate social responsibility or CEO narcissism? CSR motivations and organizational performance", inStrat. Mgmt. J., vol. 37, 2015, 262-279. S Das, "Stakeholders Perception on Self Help Groups Quality Parameters: A Psychometrics Analysis", inBritish Journal of Economics, Management Trade, vol. 4, 2014, 487-522. S de Colle A Bennett, "State-induced, Strategic, or Toxic?", inBusiness and Professional Ethics Journal, vol. 33, 2014, 53-82. S Wilson, "The Limits of Low-Tax Social Democracy? Welfare, Tax and Fiscal Dilemmas for Labor in Government", inAustralian Journal of Political Science, vol. 48, 2013, 286-306. Wagdy M. Abdallah.,Critical Concerns in Transfer Pricing and Practice, in , ABC-CLIO, 2012. Y Sun, "Corporate Tax Avoidance and Government Corruption: Evidence from Chinese Firms", inSSRN Electronic Journals", inSSRN Electronic Journal.